Teenage Pregnancy Is A Big Topic On Today s Society

Teenage pregnancy is a big topic in today’s society. Teens are criticized with negative comments about having a baby at a young age. There have been teens as young as ten years old that has been pregnant. A lot of teenage pregnancies are not planned but happen because of lack of knowledge about sex. There is anyways to prevent the negative comments and young pregnancies. Parents have to understand their children are not always going to be babies. They are going to become curious about their bodies and want to experiment. A lot of times teens are not going to go to their parents to talk or ask questions about sexual actives. They often depend on social media, media and google to learn about sex. By making condoms widely available, having sex talks and being a supportive parents can reduce teen pregnancy. Have the Sex Talk can reduce teenage pregnancy. Having the sex talk can and will educate teens on a lot of information they did not know about sex. Many mothers can t emphasize enough the importance of sitting down with their daughters and sharing all the facts about sex and birth control. I plan on teaching my children about safe sex and birth control once they start learning about it in school, says Jen B. It is important for mothers to inform their daughters about how important their bodies, their selves, their futures, and theirs choices are. Explaining birth control options is an important part of educating your teen daughter about safe sex. Explaining â€Å"what terribleShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1722 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Today woman has made great strides toward establishing her equality and worth in the eyes of her male counterpart. But although she may have broken many barriers and achieved great accomplishments, there are still some deep rooted issues which continue to affect her in a most insidious manner. One of the issues that women face in the United States is teen pregnancy which is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. The rates are still higher than they were only a decadeRead MoreEssay On Teen Pregnancy1590 Words   |  7 PagesTeen Pregnancy Task 1 Teenage pregnancy has been around for thousands of years, and in the past was in fact an ideal among societies of past times, such as the Ancient Greeks, the Medieval Era, and even as late as the 20th century. Teenage women were thought to be at the prime age for baring children, and often as soon as they were married, fell pregnant. However, in this era, women have more opportunities to go further and reach higher in life, they have the chance to be successful, and to rivalRead MoreHow Can Society Prevent and Avoid Unwanted Teenage Pregnancy?3437 Words   |  14 PagesProblem-Solution Essay Outline Essay question: How can society prevent and avoid unwanted teenage pregnancy? Outline Topic: Teenage Pregnancy Can Be Overstepped. I. Introduction Due to increased number of teenage pregnancy today’s society should take serious steps to prevent it and improve the situation by supplying a better sexual education at home and at school by both their parents and teachers. II. Background Teenage pregnancy is a large and growing problem over the world especially now whenRead MoreTeen Pregnancy1732 Words   |  7 Pagesteen pregnancy IS cool? 1. Teen pregnancy is up partly because there is less of a stigma associated with teen pregnancy since there is more of a cultural permission to be a younger mother. The rise is also partly due to the portrayal of celebrity teens such as Jamie Lynn Spears in the media and other cultural shifts, giving teens the idea that having a baby is the new handbag. 2. The reason the authors use allusion in the first paragraph is to show the readers that teen pregnancy is becomingRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Article on Teen Pregnancy1691 Words   |  7 Pagesteen pregnancy IS cool? 1. Teen pregnancy is up partly because there is less of a stigma associated with teen pregnancy since there is more of a cultural permission to be a younger mother. The rise is also partly due to the portrayal of celebrity teens such as Jamie Lynn Spears in the media and other cultural shifts, giving teens the idea that having a baby is the new handbag. 2. The reason the authors use allusion in the first paragraph is to show the readers that teen pregnancy is becomingRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion979 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is one of the most well-known and debated topics in today’s society. Although so many people seem to have such a strong opinion on abortion, there are many teens today who don’t really understand what abortion actually is. With today’s technology, though, our understanding of it is also growing. According to Merriam Webster, abortion means the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus. (https://www.merriam-websterRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Prevention Through Prescription Contraceptives1968 Words   |  8 Pages Teenage Pregnancy Prevention through Prescription Contraceptives Denise Houy George Washington University NURS 6205 June 6, 2016 â€Æ' Teenage Pregnancy Prevention through Prescription Contraceptives What’s the issue? Teenage and unplanned pregnancy is always a trending topic in society. The United States has made substantial progress in reducing teenage birth rates during the past several decades, but rates remain high, particularly compared with rates in other developed countries (GodfreyRead MoreSex Education Should Be Taught From A Different Approach Than Sex1109 Words   |  5 Pages(qtd. in About Teen Pregnancy). Children need to be getting a better education on sex during middle school and high school to be better prepared if they decide to engage in sexual activity. Sex should be taught from a different approach than in recent years. Sex education should be incorporated in all schools starting around 6th grade and continually throughout high school because teachers can give a better understanding of sex which will reduce the number of teen pregnancies and sexually transmittedRead MoreSocial Class As A Way That Constrains Someone s Life Chances And Opportunities For Social Mobility1395 Wo rds   |  6 Pagesequality and opportunity. The â€Å"Horatio Alger† myth, which states that people who work hard will survive and thrive in America, has passed away to the notion of generational privilege (Alger, 1910). Economic inequality absolutely exists in America today, and the social class into which an individual is born affects their life chances and opportunities for social mobility to a stunning and upsetting degree. In this essay, I will argue that the evidence points to the strong, overwhelming role of socialRead MoreMexican American Sexuality And Reproduction Essay2141 Words   |  9 PagesMexican American women for over 20 years have had the highest rate of teen pregnancy compared to Anglo women. Teenage birthrates have decreased as a whole but even with teenage births decreasing Mexican American women are still at the top, having the highest teen birth rates with 46.3 births for every 1,000 teens that are females. There are several reasons for this startli ng fact; this paper is going to illustrate some of the misconceptions when dealing with Latina sexuality and reproduction and

Second Continental Congress Essay - 1315 Words

Second Continental Congress â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death† were the famous words spoken by Patrick Henry in the struggle for independence (Burnett 62). He addressed the first continental congress in 1774 and started the process of American political revolt. This revolt eventually climaxed in the rebelling of Britains American colonies and the establishment of what would become the United States of America. The Second Continental Congress accomplished independence through organization, rebellion, and finally declaring independence. This was the beginning of the American Revolution. Britain established a series of acts to control the colonies and this became the main cause of the revolution. These acts enabled†¦show more content†¦They also formed an association for insuring â€Å" Commercial non intercourse with Great Britain† (Fiske 111). They prepared to send these arguments to the King and to the people of Great Britain. On May 10th a Second Continental Congress was appointed at the Virginia convention and it included representatives from all thirteen colonies. The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. The men who attended were, for the most part, the same men who had appeared in the first Continental Congress. â€Å"The Adamses and the Livingstons, Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock, Peyton Randolph, Jay Henry, Washington, and Lee were there, as also Franklin† (Fiske 132). The objectives of Congress were better understood in the Second Continental Congress, so more was accomplished (Burnett 65). The main goal of the Second Continental Congress was to restore harmony between Great Britain and the Colonies. Ideas that sprang from this were the establishment of rights and liberties, the repeal of the acts that Britain placed on the colonies, and the establishment of peace, welfare, and security in the colonies. The Second Continental Congress’s first item of business was reading the documents regarding the capture of forts Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and St. Johns. Capturing these forts added to the colonies’Show MoreRelatedHistorical Analogy of the First and Second Continental Congress1024 Words   |  4 PagesHISTORICAL ANALOGY OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS Introduction CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, 1ST (1774) AND 2ND (1775-1781). The political state of affairs in Massachusetts produced by the English Coercive Acts, that had been approved in reaction to the Boston Tea Party, riled up such radical New York patriot leaders as Alexander McDougall and Isaac Sears and to suggest the assembly of a general colonial congress to the Boston Committee of Correspondence. The Massachusetts General AssemblyRead MoreThe Revolutionary Era Took Place From 1763-17891374 Words   |  6 Pages The Revolutionary era took place from 1763-1789. In this era was the Continental Congress. 1774, Carpenter’s Hall in Philadelphia, address many grievances against British, called First Continental Congress, included George Washington and John Adams. October 1774, First Continental Congress petitioned King George lll, Congress called for a general boycott of British goods. May 1775, Second Continental Congress, State house (now Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, new membe rs included BenjaminRead MoreThe Aftermath And Acts That Followed The Boston Tea Party1522 Words   |  7 Pagesfamous Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea Party was the initial cause of the American Revolution and the freedom America has gained. The Boston Tea Party was also the beginning of all of the aftermath that followed it. The Intolerable Acts, the Continental Congresses, and battles following the Boston Tea Party were the beginning to America’s freedom. To start off, the Intolerable Acts were a part of the effects of the Boston Tea Party. They were basically a punishment from Britain to the colonistsRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence After the Revolutionary War Essay examples751 Words   |  4 Pagesof the colonists agreed that King George the 3rd and Parliament denied them representative government and their natural rights. Unfortunately they doubted whether their people were strong enough to stand against the British army. The Second Continental Congress created a committee to draft the document that would forever change history, and in that committee was John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman. They appointed the youngest of the group to createRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Freedom From England s Rule946 Words   |  4 Pageshappened hundreds of years ago set the path for freedom from England’s rule. â€Å"The Second Continental Congress delegated the task of writing the Declaration of Independence to a committee of five men consisting of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. Jefferson did the initial drafting, and the document was subsequently debated and revised by Congress as a whole. Congress voted to accept the document on July 4, 1776, and it was signed over the next severalRead MoreThe Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union: A Testament of the American Resolve941 Word s   |  4 Pagesdistribution of Thomas Paine’s pamphlet, Common Sense, sparked a dialogue so revolutionary that it liberated Americans, allowing them to start their government afresh, free from their ties to the British past. On the 7th of June, 1776, the Second Continental Congress motioned for independence, tasking a committee to draft a declaration of independence. James Madison, outsourced by the drafting committee, would pen a blistering indictment of King George III’s transgressions. Formally acknowledging theRead MoreFirst Fight : The Birth Of The Army1665 Words   |  7 Pagespaid for and supported by the colony from which it was raised (Maass, n.d.). The Continental Congress, comprised of delegates from the thirteen original colonies, saw a need for a national army in their hope for freedom. They needed an army of their intended republic. They needed an army for a new nation that could stand and fight against a world power. On June 14, 1775, the Contin ental Congress created the Continental Army. They officially adopted troops and passed legislation that created whatRead MoreThe Shot Heard Round the World700 Words   |  3 Pagestons of tea into the Boston Harbor. The result of this rebellion was the Battle of Lexington. Shortly after the Battle of Lexington the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. Tired of the British ganging up on colonists, they agreed to create a Continental Army with George Washington as its supreme commander. In order to provide supplies to the Continental Army, printed money was authorized. Believe it or not, not everyone was focused on breaking free from the British. Those who were, howeverRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Revolution1377 Words   |  6 PagesGrenville suggested they impose taxes on the colonies. He insisted that the war had been fought to protect their land; therefore, they should give a little relief. When the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia, delegates–including new additions Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson–votedto form a Continental Army, with Washington as its commander in chief. On June 17, in the Revolution’s first major battle, colonial forces inflicted heavy casualties on the British regiment of GeneralRead MoreThe American Revolution : The United States1377 Words   |  6 Pagesthe end of the day, many troops from both sides were dead. This was an immediate cause that started the American Revolution. In May, the second Continental Congress was formed, where twelve out of the thirteen colonies sent fifty-six delegates. The major accomplishment of the meeting was a ban on British goods from all the colonists. The Continental Congress selected George Washington to take over as commander-in-chief in June of 1775. He forced the British out of Boston, and lost New York City

Walt Disney Analyses Free Essays

Analysis of The Walt Disney`s Strategy PESTEL SWOT STRATEGIC ANALYSES â€Å"Fiscal 2011 was a great year financially and strategically, demonstrating the strength of our brands and businesses with record revenue, net income and earnings per share,† said Disney President and CEO Robert A. Iger. â€Å"We are confident the Company is well-positioned to deliver long-term value for our shareholders with our focus on quality content, compelling uses of technology and global asset growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Walt Disney Analyses or any similar topic only for you Order Now † According to the PESTEL analysis, the Walt Disney Company has been shaped mainly with respect to social, economic and political. First, it is politically shaped because the government and lobby groups have an important role in establishing policies, requirements and competition rules. Furthermore, the local governmental rules are crucial in establishing foreign ownership for subsidiaries or business units. Alongside with the political factors, both the economic and social factors influence the group`s profitability and activity because customers and economic conditions are closely related. For instance the financial crisis of 2007 brought serious economic downturns that affected most of the activities at Disney 11 parks. The group is also dependent on oil prices, inflation and interest rates that might affect exchange rates. Social trends influence the company strategic decisions, mainly due to demographic changes, attitudes or certain fashion cycles. According to PESTEL, technological factors decide the competitive actors in the industry because advances in technology shape manufacturing conditions and operations, can increase capacity and improve quality. Furthermore, the environmental factors affect the activity of the company due to weather conditions that can be negative for the park`s profitability, manufacturing prices and conditions. A SWOT analysis STENGTHSIt is the largest media and entertainment company in the world and it owns 11 theme parks and various channels Disney is one of the major Hollywood studios Disney employed 150,000 people An innovative development society: employees generate and implement ideas – fast transfer of knowledge and expertise across the marketsGlobal Standards are highly implemented and adopted Very popular brand around the globe: high brand awareness among the people through logo and popularity Strategy of differentiation with a very diversified portfolio Experience in international operations and developmentDisney has US $62, 497, 000, 000 assets Ranked 9th in the Top 100 Global Brands of 2011 | WEAKNESSESHigh operating costsInstability in decision making: change management due to unbalances among SBUsPoor management controllingSeasonality: park occupancyWorking conditions that are poor in the production fabricsNo good customer relationship management due to innovation that demands continui tyThe target client is mostly children, no range of segmentationAccusation for sexual references in some of its animations Different welfare groups protest: religion, animal (Disney Animal Kingdom)Poor management controllingReduces number of attractions: only 16 out of 11 parks. OPPORTUNITIESBusiness development for different segments and in developing marketsFollow the market trends and social onesPossibility of increase in the number of attractions due to a new segmentationReduction in Operating costsDisney Television Advertising and Disney Channel MusicDisney management and training schoolOnline development | TREATSSecurity difficulties in parks – treat of terrorismCope with the employee retentionAn increase in the competition in the industryIncrease in the competition due to technology advances and innovation both on domestic and international market Demand for innovation on the market Economic and Financial Crisis Wages and labor costs will increase | The SWOT analysis s heds light on the context of the Walt Disney Company. It focuses both on core features / competencies but also on the diversity of the corporation`s portfolio. The environment is highly competitive for the Walt Disney Company, but providing operations globally enables the existence of an efficiency related to the speed the information of knowledge travels around the company from unit to unit. This one of the most important features, and, thus strengths of the core competences Disney supports, because it reduces the operational costs. Thus, the company benefits from an intensive transfer of expertise across diverse markets. By being constantly up-dated with the new technologies and innovations and by disposing of an impressive amount of knowledge, the Walt Disney Company also benefits from continuous innovation. This is fostered also by the politics of the company that allows employees the direct participation in both generating and implementing new innovative solutions across businesses. Another important strength is the experience in international operations that sustains the brand awareness and enables the development of local knowledge, which defines synergies over strategic business units along with the existent learning curve. In terms of diversity, Disney covers a portfolio of various activities with a wide-ranging interest and this structuration protects the company from different conditions and instabilities on the markets, therefore a balanced portfolio provides security. Another important strength is the fact that Disney Corporation provides a really influent Media network that allows the company share and benefit from good image communication. For instance the ESPN Radio, the Disney Television Networks that increased group profits in the first quarter of 2011 due to strong advertising, the Toon Channel and many other entertaining shows that the group broadcasts. In terms of weaknesses, the most aggressive one is the seasonality among customers related to the objective of park occupancy, which is fulfilled only during holydays and special events. This pattern makes the activity in parks more or less dependent on the seasonality. Alongside with the seasonality, another important aspect is the unbalances that occur among its SBUs in terms of profits, cash flows and operating costs. Nevertheless, this is a cause of seasonality, but it also reflects the poor management controlling at the group level. The opportunities are very large at the size of a group as Disney Corporation and if the strategic decisions are respected the company can benefit from: new markets, increase in advertising (which is also sustained by the Segmented Results of 2011), differentiation in strategy and use of new developed technologies in order to maintain innovation. One of the main treats of Disney would be to cope with the employee retention which is strongly connected to the employee performance evaluation and the way according to which the Walt Disney Company aligns its goals / strategy with its employees` needs. As customers have a direct influence over company`s profitability, it is important to maintain a good communication flow and to built ways that could provide Disney strong analysis of customer satisfaction and feedback. How to cite Walt Disney Analyses, Essay examples

The Renaissance Essay Example For Students

The Renaissance Essay Summary about Renaissance Renaissance is the Fresh term was used to describe an entire period of rebirth rebirth of ancient traditional, took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity, but transformed that tradition by the absorption of recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by application of contemporary scientific knowledge. It is the painting, sculpture and decorative arts of that period of European history known as the Renaissance, parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music and science. It started in Italy, take place between the 4th and 17th centuries and then spread throughout the European countries in the 16th century. It emerging as a distinct style in Italy. Renaissance art history, especially the Italian Renaissance was divided into the 3 stages: _ Early Renaissance (about 1420 1490/1500) High Renaissance (about 1490/1500 1520) Late Renaissance or Mannerism The first stage of the Renaissance starting from the city of Firemen (Florence) with the statue of Denotable, Gibber picture of the relief, frescoes by Mosaic and the construction of Fillips Brucellosis. The second stage of the Renaissance. This stage was the peak of the Renaissance. This is the time to reach perfection and harmony. The central of this period is the city of Rome of Pope. This is a time of architectural sketches for the church of SST. Peter in Rome Aberrant, the most famous paintings of Leonardo ad Vinci, Raffles, statues and frescoes of Michelangelo and the works of Albrecht etchings Udder. After that period is the Late Renaissance or Mannerism is characterized by many different art trends. Mannerism tends to overstate the treasures of the Renaissance shape (Ex: describing the human body in some actives). The last stage of the Late Renaissance period gradually transformed into Baroque style. But the Renaissance did not occur in a pattern quite similar across Europe. In the spirit of the Renaissance and the early start blooming in Italy in particular, are all influential in painting, sculpture and architecture is not until about 1500 or later Renaissance began in the North of Europe and also the dominant one, and brought several national character. In countries other than Italian architecture and sculpture is influenced more painting. During this period appeared many famous characters tit the works left a huge impact on humanity in all fields of painting, architecture and sculpture, In which have to mention to painter Raphael, one of the three artists had a great influence to the Renaissance art. Rafael Sansei ad Robin or Raphael Sansei (1483 1520), was born in eastern Italy. He was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the Napoleonic ideal of human grandeur. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo ad Vinci, he forms the rotational trinity of great masters of that period. Different from Leonardo and Michelangelo, Raphael is a person knows how to combine both the most difficult combination: ancient traditions and contemporary, the legendary life, sanctity close to earth And with this combination that made the immortal works with the layout synthesis monumental nature of the Renaissance style. Raphael was a student of painter Pitter Perusing (1450-1523). In the first period, he painted many paintings are influenced by teachers, such as: SST. Niccole (Saint Niccole ad Titillation Altarpiece 1 501 . Museum of Captioned, Naples); Jesus crucified on the cross (The Crucifixion 1502 . National Gallery London); In 1504, when he was 21 years old, he went to Florence and meticulous study about the works of earlier masters. He met Leonardo ad Vinci and Michelangelo in here. During 4 years in Florence, Raphael painted many paintings, including the famous paintings such as Notre Dame and two lines with 5 holy throne (the Madonna and Child enthroned with Saints 5- 1505. Metropolitan Museum, New York), SST. Michael and the dragon (Saint Michael and the Dragon 1505. .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c , .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c .postImageUrl , .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c , .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c:hover , .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c:visited , .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c:active { border:0!important; } .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c:active , .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u011bdbe66bcdbbda1b0e3bd843a4646c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: MEdieval Renaissance conflict in Dr Faustus EssayLouvre, Paris), Portrait of Angelo Don (Portrait of Angelo Don 1506. Patti Gallery, Florence), hypertension (The entombment in 1507. Division competition Brothers, Rome) In 1508, Raphael was invited to work in Rome by Pope Julius II. In here, he has many world-famous works such as debate sacramental (Dispute 1509-1510, Vatican, Rome), Athens School (The School of Athens, 1510-1511. Vatican, Rome). Especially the 1 series is very beautiful religious paintings: Lady Alba (the Alba Madonna. 1511. Washington National Gallery), most notably painting Lady Sistine (The Sistine Madonna, 1512-1513. Dressed Museum) . This masterpiece is the culmination and summary of Christian paintings. In 1512, Raphael painted the Sistine Dame cathedral Saint Sixth. He painted the Sistine Dame cathedral Saint Sixth. The painting is balanced composition, with 6 characters clever, creating sustainable stability triangle as desired longevity of the church. The peak stately and imposing is also the focus of the painting is the Virgin Mary holding the Child Jesus expresses the psychological shadow deeply through, demeanor, eye contact, such as a human prediction born to do great things extraordinary. Raphael used the art space, light and dark, color creates a halo around Mary and the Child Jesus and the direction it faces two SST. Barbara Saint Sixth and to the Lord, to honor Mary and Baby Jesus, all floating in the foreground may. Ben picture below is the upstream direction by two angels. Color paintings portray a solemn but very close. This painting is a great summation of Raphael on the subject of religion and love to your mother ever after no one could pass. Sistine Madonna by Raphael, from 1754 has been moved to Dressed, Germany. And, since then, it is seen as a symbol of this city.

Albert Einstein Essays (1815 words) - Albert Einstein,

Albert Einstein Albert Einstein, perhaps the greatest mind ever to have walked the face of the earth, was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany. As a boy, he hated school, and felt that the regimented and repetitive nature of schooling in Germany at that time had any promise of helping his future. He did not do well in school, mainly because he did not care to learn what was being taught to him. While he seemed to be a bright child, his schoolwork did not interest him, but at the same time the simple compass that his father owned fascinated him. Albert constantly harassed his father and his Uncle Jake with questions concerning how the compass worked, and what caused it to work. The answers about gravitation and magnetism kept him up at nights as he attempted to obtain a better grasp of the meaning of these concepts. After hearing of his fascination with these scientific concepts, Max Talmey, a family friend, lent young Einstein books on mathematics and natural science. Upon reading these books, Albert was hooked. From that time on, he was constantly reading about science, geometry, and other areas of math. Even with his newfound knowledge, school was still not interesting, and it was actually worse than it had been before. Now, along with his dislike of the teaching methods, his classmates disliked him for being somewhat of a loner, and because he was so much more intelligent than any of them. His lone passion outside of science was playing the violin, which he continued to do throughout his life. His love of the violin stemmed from his love of classical music, which his mother encouraged him to listen to. But because of his difficulties associating with his teachers and fellow students, he dropped out of school at the age of fifteen. Two years later, however, he was back in school at the Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, Switzerland, a place that would continue to have a profound effect on his life. Even this did not come easily for him. He failed the entrance exam, only to pass it on his second attempt. Finally, he was able to study his math and science in an atmosphere where a mind like his is usually welcomed. Once again, though, Einstein found himself resented. This time not by the students, but by his professors, and because of this, he was unable to obtain a teaching position at the Institute upon his graduation in 1900. The following year, he became a Swiss citizen, and he also wrote his first scientific essay, which was entitled ?Consequences of Capillary Phenomena.' Einstein noted that this was proved the existence of molecules. In 1902, he married Mileva Maric, who had also attended the Polytechnic Institute. They had two sons, Hans Albert, born in 1904, and Edward, born in 1910, but the marriage itself ended with a divorce in 1919. Also in 1902, unable to find a teaching position, Albert was able to find a job in the Swiss patent office. Understandably, this doesn't seem like much of a job for such a great mind, but it may have been just the job he needed. The work at the patent office was fairly boring, but it left him the time he needed to do research, and to write on various scientific topics. It was while working at the patent office in 1905 that Einstein published the first version of his famous and revolutionary theory of relativity. This was only the crowning achievement in what proved to be a banner year for Albert. Not only did he publish his paper on general relativity, but also a paper on light quanta, and one on Brownian motion, along with obtaining his Ph.D. from the University of Zurich. This paper was based in an 1827 discovery by botanist Robert Brown. It stated that thermal agitation of a particle suspended in a solution could produce a detectable effect. His theory of special relativity was not widely accepted at first, and it was even rejected by the University of Bern in an application for Einstein to provide teaching services for the University. This caused him to continue to work at the patent office until 1909. Finally, his theory of relativity was beginning to be recognized by the world's greatest scientific minds, even though it was not fully understood by many of them. This led him to accept a professorship at the German University in Prague. During his time in Prague, the name Einstein continued to climb the ladder

Free Essays on Immigration In America

Halting Immigration Since the beginning of time, many of the world’s problems have been blamed on immigration because many refuse to customize themselves to their way of life. Kraut says, â€Å"Nativists were those Americans who believed that the immigrants posed an imminent danger to their way of life (25).† They believed that immigration was a threat to their society because immigrants took away jobs, had political and religious differences, and brought diseases back with them. These factors are what caused the formation of many chauvinistic groups, whose main purpose is to put a stop on the flow of immigrants so it would be a safer place to live. One can see the argument where halting immigration would cause a mass improvement in America’s society by making valuable resources more abundant and causing less prejudice in the streets. However, by taking away the chance of freedom and opportunity to these people is not only unjust but will cause strong acts of violence and rebellion against our nation causing Americans to live in fear. Nativists despised change, so when people of different cultures pushed their way into America, with their different clothing and odd skin tones, racism was the immediate reaction of the nativists. Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan or the KKK would walk the streets burning down churches in black neighborhoods. Anti-Semitism, which started with the holocaust, caused people to look at Jews as inferior to the society so they sent them away to concentration camps. John Higham’s study shows â€Å"Three strains of anti-immigrant venom- racial nativism, anti-Catholicism, and anti-radical nativism (27).† When Charles Darwin came up with â€Å"survival of the fittest† many nativists used this theory to claim they were superior to other races because they were born of the Anglo-Saxon race and others were incompetent because of their heredity. Many immigrants were placed with specific crimes depending on what ... Free Essays on Immigration In America Free Essays on Immigration In America Halting Immigration Since the beginning of time, many of the world’s problems have been blamed on immigration because many refuse to customize themselves to their way of life. Kraut says, â€Å"Nativists were those Americans who believed that the immigrants posed an imminent danger to their way of life (25).† They believed that immigration was a threat to their society because immigrants took away jobs, had political and religious differences, and brought diseases back with them. These factors are what caused the formation of many chauvinistic groups, whose main purpose is to put a stop on the flow of immigrants so it would be a safer place to live. One can see the argument where halting immigration would cause a mass improvement in America’s society by making valuable resources more abundant and causing less prejudice in the streets. However, by taking away the chance of freedom and opportunity to these people is not only unjust but will cause strong acts of violence and rebellion against our nation causing Americans to live in fear. Nativists despised change, so when people of different cultures pushed their way into America, with their different clothing and odd skin tones, racism was the immediate reaction of the nativists. Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan or the KKK would walk the streets burning down churches in black neighborhoods. Anti-Semitism, which started with the holocaust, caused people to look at Jews as inferior to the society so they sent them away to concentration camps. John Higham’s study shows â€Å"Three strains of anti-immigrant venom- racial nativism, anti-Catholicism, and anti-radical nativism (27).† When Charles Darwin came up with â€Å"survival of the fittest† many nativists used this theory to claim they were superior to other races because they were born of the Anglo-Saxon race and others were incompetent because of their heredity. Many immigrants were placed with specific crimes depending on what ...

School Culture and Climate Management Research Paper

School Culture and Climate Management - Research Paper Example The author of the essay "School Culture and Climate Management" begins with the short introduction of the topic. He tells that upon entering the premises of a school, a visitor may immediately feel a sense of the school’s prevailing social climate. A positive atmosphere should be palpable upon walking through the school premises. Classrooms may be designed differently, but my school maintains a standard by which each classroom teacher adheres to. Several studies have been completed on the topic of classroom climate and how it affects student learning. Wilson et al. (2007) concluded that an effective classroom climate encompasses a warm, child-centered, positive environment in which the teacher exhibits sensitivity to each student’s emotional and instructional needs and structures instruction to encourage student autonomy and self-control. The teacher is enthusiastic and respectful of students and encourages students to pursue their interests. (Douglas, 2008, p. 41) Wilson adds that a well-managed, positive school environment where adults manifest sensitivity and allow autonomy in the students’ learning coupled with evaluative feedback results in the development of positive social behaviors of the people within that school. Therefore, It follows that quality of interpersonal relationships within the school determines the factors that create a school’s culture and climate. Fulfilling relationships flourish in pleasant learning environments, influencing academic achievement. (Van Petegem et al., 2008). A pleasant learning environment brings about well-being among students, which is described as â€Å"a positive emotional state that is the result of harmony between the sum of specific context factors on the one hand and the personal needs and expectations towards the school on the other hand† (Engels, Aelterman, Van Petegem, Schepens, & Deconinck, 2004, p. 11). Dynamic factors such as the nature of students’ experiences in their positive interactions with their teachers are more essential than structural factors. According to Munro (2007), Pianta devised certain questions to explore these dynamics: What do children experience in the school? How do their experiences and interactions affect their learning? How can the quality of interactions and experiences in classrooms be improved through observations and professional development? (p. 46) In the implementation of the school’s mission and the achievement of its vision, the school culture and climate has to be consistent in meeting set expectations. Widespread agreement among researchers prevails that a positive and pleasant environment that emphasizes sensitivity to student needs from caring and supportive teachers and school staff increases the likelihood of student success (Wilson et al., 2007; Douglas, 2008; Van Petegem et al., 2008; Munro, 2007; Black, 2006). Blankstein (2004) identified the six principles that promote student achievement and these reflect the school’s culture and climate: common mission, vision, values and goals; ensuring achievement for all students by establishing systems that provide

Research Proposal - about cosmetics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

- about cosmetics - Research Proposal Example 2012). That is why, product managers and marketers have increasingly engaged in conducting market research in order to determine the demand that prevails in the market regarding a particular product and service and the factors that stimulate this demand (Bian & Forsythe, 2012). Academic scholars have suggested that a person’s culture is one such factor that has a statistically significant impact on the purchase decision of the individual (De Mooij, 2010). This is precisely because of the fact that a person’s culture serves as a standard that needs to be maintained when it comes to buying and availing any product and service. However, the extent to which culture influences the purchase behaviour of cosmetic consumers is still relatively unexplored (Lim & OCass, 2009). This forms the basic premise for this research as the researcher will be endeavouring to analyze the extent to which culture and cross culture is responsible for influencing the purchasing decisions of cosmetic consumers. The following sections will involve a brief review of researches conducted in this field and a description of the research methods that will be adopted. The researcher has prepared a time plan of seven months which will also be provided at the end of the proposal. According to Aaker, Kumar & Day (2004), the choice process of cosmetic customers is constructed in such a way that they are able to adapt to the immediate purchase surroundings. This conclusion was provided on the basis of a study the scholars conducted on the dimensions of choice process of cosmetic consumers by tracking down their eye fixations on supermarket shelves. Blackwell, Miniard & Engel (2001) gave a detailed explanation of shopping orientation. The author reported that Indian shoppers are more inclined towards seeking emotional value rather than functional value of buying products. It was observed that the orientation of shoppers was based more on entertainment quotient rather than the

Facts about input output Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Facts about input output - Essay Example Key board, mouse, pen drive, CD, joystick, scanner, camera, microphone, monitor, printer, speakers etc are some of the commonly used peripheral devices for inputting data and getting output from a computer system. This paper briefly analyses various aspects of inputs and outputs as far as a computer system is concerned. A computer cannot take decisions as its own. In other words, without inputs a computer cannot function properly. Inputs are necessary for a computer to act in a particular manner. It should be noted that system software helps a computer system to boot properly and open the desktop menu in front of the user. However, after booting computer needs some specific instructions to carry out different types of works. Mouse and keyboard are commonly used for inputting instructions to the computer. For example, if the user wants to prepare a document or make some calculations, he should input the data either through the keyboard or through the mouse. CPU recognizes these input data properly and process it properly. The processed data will be delivered as output either on the screen or through printers. Different serial and parallel ports are available on a computer system for connecting input and output devices. â€Å"Keyboards typically connect through a PS/2 or USB port. Many keyboards include special function keys that simplify playing music or browsing the Web. Some keyboards include a built-in USB port that can be used to connect other peripheral devices†(Computer Tips and Trix). Same way, mouse is also connected to a computer through a PS/2 or USB port. Printers, pen drives and scanners are mostly connected to the serial ports of a computer. Even though monitors were used primarily for displaying outputs in the past, at present they are used as input devices also. The arrival of touchscreens helped users to use the screens

What Are the Benefits of Workplace Diversity?

What Are the Benefits of Workplace Diversity? As the whole world market changed into globalization, the diversity management becomes a major issue to manage. So diversity management plays an important role in the successful running of the operation in an organization. Basically the diversity term refers to the difference in the peoples value which makes them unique. These differences includes their gender, race, religion, culture, physical or cognitive ability, national origin, age or family structure. Diversity is defined as an aggregate team-level construct that represents differences among members of an interdependent work group with respect to a specific personal attribute. (Joshi, A., Roh, H.(2009)) In a diverse environment people can benefit and learn more from others ideas. Many organizations found that recognition of these differences as prerequisites for high performance and continuous improvement, and this could lead towards the effectiveness and creativity of the organization. So these companies always encourage a culture that supports and inspires personal growth both within the workplace and beyond. Mentoring, training, career mobility, and work-life balance programs are just a little of the initiatives that bring to life the forward-thinking approach. On the other hand there might be some drawback of the diverse environments like having much disorganization between different groups could cause lack of productivity and promote few well-built relationships. Diversity Management: Diversity Management is the key issue especially for HR department of an organization because if they run it very well they can increase the profitability of the organization or the vice versa. Actually differences between people persuade about how they feel or behave on an action. And of course these differences also influence the way people work. If the organization takes these differences into account, it helps them to make optimal use of all capacities or capabilities in their employees, and thus have an optimistic influence on both the quality and amount of work that gets done. This is the utmost aim of Diversity Management. In the text book, Beyond Race and Gender, R. Roosevelt Thomas defines managing diversity as a comprehensive managerial process for developing an environment that works for all employees. A successful strategic diversity plan also directs to increased profits and lowered operating cost. In an organization, we have to be aware and sensitive to the differences among employees. What can be unpleasant to one group may be fine for another. For example, showing the base of shoes is not a massive deal in the United States. However, in other countries its an unlikable gesture. If youre aware of that, you might not want to offend someone by allowing the bottom of your shoes to show while in his presence. Thats a minor example, but when these kinds of offends occurs at larger, may caused significant problems. Productivity can also be suffered, people could get hurt and a toxic work atmosphere may result. A process intended to create and maintain a positive work environment where the similarities and differences of individuals are valued, so that all can reach their potential and maximize their contributions to an organizations strategic goals and objectives. (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Diversity and Inclusion) How diversity management program runs in an organization through HR department could be well explained through below diagram Europe has an increasingly diverse working population, with people of many different backgrounds playing a greater role in the European labour market. This diversity reflects not only population changes due to immigration and mobility between regions and EU member states, but also an increasing recognition of the problems and issues facing a range of marginalised groups in the labour force, such as women, people with disabilities and older workers. International Journal of Human Resource Management, Feb2009, Vol. 20 Issue 2, p235-251, 17p, 1 Diagram Diagram; found on p245 At conclusion Diversity management means recognizing that people are different and using that difference to enhance the profitability and/or effectiveness of your organization. The successful management diversity allows organizations to: Attract and retain talent Increase productivity by reducing the hours wasted on dealing with internal disputes Develop a competitive edge. Encourage creative thinking by valuing the diversity within teams. What Are the Benefits of Workplace Diversity? By Neal Litherland, eHow Contributor .I want to do this! Whats This? .. Ever since John Kennedy was the president of the United States, the concept of workplace discrimination, and the flip side of that coin which is workplace diversity, has been a common issue. However, workplace diversity offers many positives for employers and employees. .Perspectives Having a mix of cultures, ethnicities and ages in the workplace can bring a variety of points of view to any project. As such, problems can be thought out and viewed from fresh eyes. Tolerance Working with people who come from different backgrounds and walks of life enhances the personal tolerance levels of every individual employee. Fairness A more diverse workplace is viewed, from an outside perspective, as being more open to accepting qualified applicants. Often an employer is seen as color blind, hiring purely on the merit of its employees. Skill Set When a workplace has a number of different demographics it gives the company a much broader skill set to draw upon, including cultural understanding and foreign language. Legal Protection One of the clearest, though not as often quoted, benefits of a diverse workplace is that it is less likely that an employer will be the subject of discrimination claims. Building the Case Since the early 1990s evidence has been mounting to suggest that there are numerous benefits associated with the adoption of sound diversity management programmes by employers. You will need to understand the benefits for adopting such an approach, if and when you decide to start building the case for implementing a diversity management programme within your organisation. Over the last number of years, a variety of researchers have detailed the benefits of adopting a diversity management approach such as: Improved performance/productivity (Agocs and Burr, 1996; Richard, 2000) Increased creativity/flexibility (Cox and Blake, 1991; Robinson and Dechant, 1997) Higher quality problem-solving (Cox and Blake, 1991; Hubbard, 1999) Improved understanding/penetration of markets (Cox and Blake, 1991; Robinson and Dechant, 1997) Increased staff morale and job satisfaction (Agocs and Burr, 1996) Improvements in staff retention/less absenteeism (Agocs and Burr, 1996; Robinson and Dechant, 1997) Less law suits (Robinson and Dechant, 1997) Human Resource associations have also identified benefits of diversity management. According to the Society for Human Resource Management, the following are five key factors that make diversity initiatives important to businesses: Diversity initiatives can: Improve the quality of your organisations workforce and can be a catalyst for a better return on your investment in human capital. Capitalize on new markets since customer bases are becoming more diverse. Attract the best and the brightest employees to a company. Increase creativity. Increase flexibility, ensuring survival. Source:  http://www.shrm.org/diversity/businesscase.asp In 2000 and 2001, Mi.st [ Diversity Consulting conducted a survey of business leaders throughout Europe and found that the four benefits of diversity most often mentioned were: Improved team effectiveness and cooperation (interpersonal) Increased productivity (individual) Improved customer intimacy (consumers and markets) Broader access to labour markets (recruitment) Results from this survey were analysed and all the benefits of Diversity and Diversity Management were summarised in the following table: Results Externally Internally Consumers/Markets Increased market share Ease of entry into new markets Improved customer intimacy Individual Increased productivity Improved morale and commitment Shareholders Enhanced rating Improved attractiveness Interpersonal Improved team effectiveness and cooperation Easier integration of new staff Labour markets Broader access to labour markets Improved employer image Organisational More openness to change Enhanced effectiveness of complex organization Community Improved public image Source: Michael Stubor (2002): Corporate Best Practice: What some European Organizations are Doing Well to Manage Culture and Diversity. In G. Simmons (Ed.), Eurodiversity: A Business Guide to Managing Difference, Butterworth-Heinemann, London Alongside the benefits outlined above there are other background forces that drive the adoption of a diversity management approach by employers. Two common forces are described below: Labour Force Supply Issues The composition of the labour force in the EU is changing on an ongoing basis. Two of the most important changes in recent years are: The ageing of the workforce The enlargement of the EU giving rise to a larger presence of ethnic minorities As a result, employers need to be able to successfully accommodate a more diverse range of employees.   Costs of Discrimination Cases Although, anti-discrimination legislation has now been introduced in a number of European countries, employees are still facing prejudices that circulate in the workplace. This gives rise to employees taking discrimination cases against their employer, which can be damaging for the employer in terms of negative public opinion and high costs. An effective diversity management approach should give rise to an environment that benefits all employees, where they feel valued and empowered and are enabled to reach their full potential. In such a positive environment it is highly unlikely that an employee would bring a discrimination case against their employer. Footnote: References   Agocs C. and Burr C. (1996):  Employment equity, affirmative action and managing diversity: assessing the differences, International Journal of manpower, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp30-45. Cox T. and Blake S. (1991);  Managing Cultural Diversity: implications for organizational competitivenes  s, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp45-56. Hubbard E. (1999):  Diversity and the Bottom Line: Facts, Figures and Financials, Diversity Factor, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp29-33. Richard O. (2000):  Racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance: A resource-based view,  Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, pp164-177. Robinson G. and Dechant K. (1997):  Building a Business Case for Diversity, Academy of management Executive, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp21-31. Implementing Diversity Management A major aim of this website is to support the development and implementation of diversity management programmes in the workplace. This is achieved in two main ways: Providing general information to users about diversity management issues, policy and practice   this is achieved through the main areas of website which provide information on: What is diversity management Building the case Policy and legislation Diversity management themes Case studies Awards Links to useful websites   Providing support to the process of design and implementation of diversity management in enterprises   this is achieved through two main applications:   The diversity management toolkit The e-learning course on diversity management If you wish to implement a diversity management programme, the diversity management toolkit provides support in two main ways: It describes a  5 stage process  of how to implement a diversity management programme in your workplace It provides  tool support  for each of the activities you must undertake when implementing a diversity management programme in your workplace The e-learning course on diversity management is designed to raise awareness of diversity management amongst the participants in a diversity management programme. A major task in implementing diversity management is to ensure that all employees affected by the programme are fully aware of diversity issues and the approach which is being taken to them. The e-learning course is designed to inform employees of the basic issues and approaches to diversity management and to justify the need for an active diversity management policy in your organisation. Madison Co. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Fortune Small Business Magazine recently had an article about a small company in Connecticut, Madison Co., that had an employee go through a major change. Over the course of time, one of its supervisors, Ann Ferraiolo had altered her look, and, then one day, came to work after an operation and was now Tony, a male. As a manufacturing company, the company president, Steve Schickler, understood what could happen. Instead, he decided to intercede early to make things more comfortable for his supervisor, and let other employees know the company position. He and his human resources director made sure every employee knew to treat Ferraiolo with respect, both before and after the operation. They decided to support the supervisors sex change, and the company has never missed a beat. Xerox Mentoring Programs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Xerox was ranked No. 35 in 2009 by DiversityInc. It was one of the first international organizations to publicly make diversity a center of their mission back in the 1970s. This led to many mentoring and fast-track programs, and now minorities make up around 20 percent of its management staff, women make up nearly one-third, and black women, a group Xerox has worked with the most, recognizing their disadvantage in many organizations, makes up 20 percent of that group. This is a case where a subgroup of an already disadvantaged group might need to be addressed more thoroughly when looking at diversity issues overall. Why the Toolkit is important It is best to view the development and implementation of diversity management policy in your organisation as a project. This means that it should be treated in the same way as you would any other project. You will need to build support for the project, analyse the needs and opportunities, develop your own solutions and then implement and monitor the project as it progresses. This implies the need for effective project management tools and techniques. The DiManT toolkit provides you with a set of information, methods and techniques, which have been specifically designed to ease the process of implementing a diversity management project. The way that you use the toolkit is up to you. You may pick and choose only what is relevant for your purposes. You will find a search facility to help you locate the tools that you need. However, if you want to begin the process of diversity management programme implementation from the beginning, you are advised to use the follow the process outlined in the toolkit. There you will find a complete guide to the activities you should undertake. The process is described in terms of a set of phases of activities, each of which has specific aims and each of which is supported by a number of tools. Click on the diagram for more information. Policy and Legislation There is an increasing amount of policy and legislation initiatives in relation to diversity management at both EU and national levels. In this section you will find short descriptions of and reference to the main legislative and policy actions at both of these levels. Initiatives in the area of equality, disability, employment, ageing, gender and others are relevant here. They provide the backdrop for the development of diversity management programmes at workplace level. EU Legislation National Legislation Themes Age Disability Ethnicity and Race Gender Religion Case Studies This section provides a set of real life case studies of a range of diversity management issues. Two types of cases are presented: Company case studies Legal case studies The legal case studies section gives brief overviews of a range of legal cases which relate to diversity management. In the main, they relate to court judgements taken under antidiscrimination, disability and employment law, and they illustrate the ways in which violations of these laws are treated. The company case studies present a best practice view of how a range of organizations have developed and implemented diversity management programmes. They provide insight into what are the elements of good practice and into how diversity management programmes evolve in practice. Diversity management has become one of the primary challenges for HRM as organizations become diversity worldwide. (Benshchop, 2001: 1166; DNetto Sohal, 1999: 530) Resistance to  diversity programs may not only come from the majority but also minority groups. Diversity planners may be failing to include or consider the majority groups in their strategies and this is one of the reasons of backlash and discrimination. (Frase-Blunt, 2003: 138) Ireland Degraded Employee Wins Case Mr Gabriele Piazza had claimed that the Clarion Hotel had directly discriminated against him due to the fact that he was gay. He said he was harassed in relation to his conditions of employment, in particular on three occasions. He said that there had been a number of incidents when reference was made to his sexual orientation in a degrading manner. The incidents had happened in front of various staff members who had found the situation funny, however he had not, he said. Mr Piazza said that in one incident, it came to his attention that emails from his manager were being sent to the human resources manager. He found the mails personally offensive and degrading. In one, he was referred to as just a bloody woman and a spoilt child. When he challenged the HR manager about the emails, she ripped them up dismissively in front of him. In another incident, an employee made a comment of a sexual nature which Mr Piazza found offensive and degrading. He asked the person in question to stop making the comments, however the level of harassment increased. Mr Piazza insisted that in the six months of his employment, he received no help or assistance from his manager or any member of the hotels management team. Following an investigation by the Equality Tribunal, Mr Piazza was found to have been discriminated against by the hotel on the grounds of his sexual orientation. He was awarded à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬10,000 compensation for harassment, distress and a breach of his rights under the Employment Equality Act, 1998. The hotel was also ordered to provide an equality training seminar to all staff, including management, within three months. Source: http://www.irishhealth.com/?level=4id=6159 Council Employee Wins Race Case A council housing department worker has been awarded more than  £44,000 after winning a racial discrimination case. Surveyor Lakhbir Rihal complained four years ago that less-qualified white colleagues were promoted over him at the London Borough of Ealing. The council lost an employment tribunal case but appealed to the Court of Appeal, which upheld the decision. The tribunal found a glass ceiling prevented ethnic minority staff from securing senior management roles. Paul Kenny, a senior official of the GMB union, which supported Mr Rihal, said: The leader of the council should do the decent thing and resign. Because the council failed to act, they have cost Ealing ratepayers hundreds of thousands of pounds. The union said it wanted the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) to conduct an investigation into race relations in the councils housing department. Ealing Councils interim head of legal services, Chris Hughes, described the Court of Appeals decision as disappointing. He said: We pursued this case because we believed the original employment tribunal had erred in law in its decision. The council remains committed to equal opportunities for all its staff, a fact which is reflected in the current statistics of black and ethnic minority staff in the housing department. At present 38% of senior staff working in the housing department are black or ethnic minority, which clearly reflects the population trends in the borough as a whole, a fact which was not before the Court of Appeal. Culture of White Elitism Tom Dent, director of Housing and Environmental Health, added: The background to this case is now over four years old. Since then we have been improving our services in housing and were encouraged by last years external auditors report which found that we were compliant with the Commission for Racial Equalitys code of practice in the rented housing sector in both service delivery and employment. But Lord Justice Sedley said the lack of ethnic minority managers suggested a clear possibility there was a culture of white elitism in the upper echelon of the housing department. Mr Rihal, who has worked for Ealing Council for 12 years, told BBC London: I would like the council to take notice of these things and to at least give a fair chance to Sikh people like myself who are highly qualified. He still works for the council and is applying for promotion. Source: BBC NEWS http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/england/london/3771403.stm Business Case for Diversity and Equality Todays business environment is changing. The average age of the workforce is rising steadily and women now make up nearly half the workforce in the UK, double the numbers of 25 years ago. Projections show that in less than ten years time there will be two million more jobs in the economy 80% of which will be filled by women. McJobs for all the Family 05-02-2005 McDonalds is pioneering a scheme that allows employees to share their job with family members. The Family Contract allows husbands, wives, grandparents and children over 16 to job-share and swap shifts without notifying management. The concept of diversity not only values and respects individuals, but recognises that everyone has different needs. Under the contract, which is the first of its kind in Britain, each worker clocks on and is paid separately through his or her own bank account. It is being tried in six cities around Britain. Co-habiting partners and same-sex partners can apply and, if it proves successful, McDonalds said it would expand it to include friends and extended family such as cousins. David Fairhurst, the head of McDonalds UK human resources operation, said: A lot of our staff wanted more flexibility. Many are youngsters at college who have very different term hours and holiday hours. Many older staff have children, with all the demands that entails; many look after relatives. So we decided to offer them the flexibility in a family context. McDonalds, which has 67,000 staff in 1,250 British restaurants, said flexible working reduced the number of sick days. It said the scheme was supported by the Department of Trade and Industry. The first family to sign up for a Family Contract were Rita Cross, 42, and her two daughters Laura, 18, and Natalie, 16, in Cardiff. Laura said the main advantage of the arrangement was its flexibility. We get up in the morning and decide which of us really wants to go to work, she said. Mrs Cross said it helped the whole family. We get a better work and life balance. Id love my husband to join up too, so that we can all plan our work and family life as one unit. BIBILIOGRAPHY Mor Barak, Michalle E. : Managing diversity: towards a globally inclusive workplace 2nd edition ( Sage Publication ) page 140. International Journal of Human Resource Management, Feb2009, Vol. 20 Issue 2, p235-251, 17p, 1 Diagram Diagram; found on p245 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Diversity and Inclusion. (n.d.). Diversity management. In Glossary. Retrieved May 8, 2009, from http://www.diversity.hr.va.gov/glossary.htm http://www.irishhealth.com/?level=4id=6159

Karl Marx - The Victory of the Proletariat and the Fall of the Bourgeoi

Karl Marx - The Victory of the Proletariat and the Fall of the Bourgeoisie In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx writes of the proletariat working class on the verge of revolution due to the overwhelming oppression perpetrated by the bourgeoisie. Marx lays out a sequence of steps, which demonstrate the coming of the revolution, a revolution caused consequentially by the actions of the bourgeoisie. As the bourgeoisie constantly form new ways to revolutionize production, they invariably move toward a consequence wherein the working class discovers its oppression and turns to the only means of change possible, a complete revolution. Marx first discusses the necessity for the bourgeoisie to revolutionize instruments of production, an action necessary for the benefit of their own profit. The owners, who incessantly â€Å"resolve personal worth into exchange value,† (p. 828) attempt to derive new forms of production to minimize the â€Å"callous ‘cash payment’† owed to their workers in order to maximize the surplus of production. This ultimately leads to a great disassociation between the laborers and their product. In Alienated Labor, Marx describes the worker as â€Å"poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and extent,† (p. 791). Since the bourgeoisie undoubtedly wish to maximize the wealth produced by the laborer, their actions inevitably lead to the marginalization of the working class. Searching for cheaper, more effective means of production, the non-workers track down raw material from remote zones, invent new technologies for producti on, and generally separate workers from their own creations. In these ways, the bourgeoisie undeniably alter the relations of production. As Marx said in Alien... .... They have exposed the world of injustice to the proletariat, who will burst asunder the conditions of the times in a new revolution that will bring an end to the bourgeois. In the modern industrial age of Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie perpetually revolutionize the instruments of production, altering relations of production, and most importantly, the relationship of human beings to the rest of society. In this revolutionizing, the bourgeoisie produce greater surpluses, but also their own grave-diggers, alienating the class that will revolt to reclaim their individual identities as human beings. For Marx, this change requires only time, and as the proletariat begin to realize the injustices of their positions in society, they will begin to recognize the necessity for revolution. The victory of the proletariat and the fall of the bourgeoisie are equally inevitable.

Money Markets vs Capital Markets Essay

The market where transactions of money and financial assets are accomplished for short time is called money market. On the other end, capital market is meant that market where transactions of money and financial assets are occurred for a long period. * Institutions: Important institutions operating in the’ money market are central banks, commercial banks, acceptance houses,  non bank  financial institutions, bill brokers. Important institutions of the capital market are stock exchanges, commercial banks and non bank institutions, such as insurance companies, mortgage banks, building societies. Transactions Period: In money market transactions are accomplished for one or less than one year. While capital market transactions are for long time. * Nature of Credit Instruments: The credit instruments dealt with in the capital market are more heterogeneous than those in money market. Some homogeneity of credit instruments is needed for the operation of financial markets. Too much diversity creates problems for the investors. * Risks: Since investment of this market is for a short-term, the risk of money is low. In capital market the risk of money and loan defaulters are high. Instruments: Cash dollar, treasury bills, commercial papers are used as the instrument in money market. On the other end, Shares, debentures, long-term bonds are the instruments of capital market. * Transaction Procedures: Since fewer formalities are required in money market therefore, transactions cost is also minimum. While, many formalities are required in making capital market transaction successful and therefore its transaction cost is little bit higher than the money market. * Relation with Government Agency: The money market is closely and directly linked with central bank of the country. The capital market feels Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as well as central bank’s influence, but mainly indirectly and through the money market. Customer-centric Business Model| * Grow assets under management with real-time analysis of customer activity and personalized interaction * Measure and report on the state of customer relationships and profitability in real time with business analytics * Personalize customer experience across channels * Capture investment profiles to target offers and leads, while shortening sales cycles and increasing investment offers| Effective Risk Management| * Handle compliance issues, regulatory requirements, security, and other operational risks without burdening existing operations * Provide real-time and near real-time actionable customer and product profitability insight, delivered to the front office * Manage security exposure, market, and operations risk * Support centralized and consistent capture of regulatory data for MiFID and KYC requirements| Operational Effectiveness| * Streamline project management, simplify procurement, and make the most your firm’s most important asset—employees * Reduce operational risk with end-to-end financial management * Manage projects more efficiently and effectively * Transform corporate procurement with strategic sourcing capabilities| Next-generation Services| * Evolve to an agile, intelligent, and secure platform * Increase competitiveness by enabling new, intelligent services, while consolidating legacy systems * Enable new services across product silos with ser vice-enabled processes and applications * Gain real-time insight across channels with business intelligence for capital markets * Secure customer data and access for risk and compliance reporting with enterprise security and identity management * Selectively consolidate legacy systems onto an open-standard platform with enterprise grid computing and content management|

Votive Figure of Fortuna essays

Votive Figure of Fortuna essays Votive Figure of Fortuna The Goddess of Good Fortune (The Haggin Museum) When I set out to pick a piece of art for this assignment, there were a few things I was looking for. I wanted a piece that showed great detail, style and meaning. When I saw the Votive Figure of Fortuna, immediately I noticed all of these things. The sculpture was truly a strong depiction of its time and era, created in Greece in 100 B.C.- 100 A.D. Created from terracotta clay, the artists eye for detail in this piece was so much more distinct than all of the other pieces that surrounded it. The formal elements that I will discuss that brings this piece to life are; line, texture, pattern and balance. What makes the Votive Figure of Fortuna so interesting is the intricacy it initiates for such a small and very old sculpture. The figure is around 2 wide by 7 high and around 2 deep. This detail is maintained through its contrasty and abrupt line patterns with intense angles and line variation. These lines are used by the artist to bring to life the woman's flowing gown. All of the folds are created, ripple by ripple through deep cuts in the terracotta clay. The artist created rich texture through his use of lines and thick gouges in the clay. Line next to line, side by side, interrupted by another set of lines at sharp, 90 degree angles also helps to evolve this emotion of great texture. The gown appears to be very fabric like even though the sculpture is simply hardened clay. This is a great effect by the artist and definitely one of its strongest elements. The patterns that are created with the detailed lines are also very important to the overall outlook of this piece. These lines flow one into the other, creating great contrast and depth. Shadows almost are fully developed with the line patterns because of the artist composition ...

Presidency of the U.S essays

Presidency of the U.S essays In every country have different forms of government regarding to their political system. In the United States, we have presidential form of government. The president of the United States is the most powerful and influential man in the world. He is also the symbolic of nation and the worlds most famous celebrity. The entire nation makes the relationship with the president. People love him, trust him and choose him to be the leader of the country. Good or bad things of a country depend on the leadership of the president. So the presidency of the United States is the most important thing of America political system in many ways. Studying the presidency give me a lot of help to understand the American political system. First of all I have learned the qualification of a president. To become a president, a person must be 35 years old, natural born US citizens and 14 years of residence in the US. There is no basic need of educational status and intelligence or wealth. By looking the history of former presidents, they came from different background. So I see clearly that any person can become the president as long as he or she meets basic need and people vote for that person. Then I also learn about the election of the president. In the United Stated, presidents are chosen through the Electro College, as it has senators and representatives combined. On the Election Day, the votes within each state are added up and the candidate with the most votes receives all that states votes in the Electoral College. When the counting has been done in each state, the number of electoral college votes for each candidate is added up. If any candidate has a majority of at least 270 votes, he becomes a president. I also learn that the power of a president. President represents both head of the government and the chief of the states. And he has both three solo powers and power with the consent of senate. Although the president has full control ...

Create a multi-task workforce to satisfy customer demands at Etisalat Essay

Create a multi-task workforce to satisfy customer demands at Etisalat Abood - Essay Example d this project is the need to find out how Etisalat can make sure that the customer gets all the help needed and services required from the staff without bothering himself to get up from his seat. Whereas, the staff also will not need to waste their time in waiting for the customer and allow the company to get the maximum output and utilize their staff. This project goal is to have more focus on the way Etisalat needs to adopt to have better reach to customer with the best personnel customer care. This deployment and reach of customer satisfaction will guarantee customer loyalty and sustain the number of subscribers in the company with services that enhanced customers’ experience and success in increasing the number of customers will lead to growth in the revenue. Training will play an imperative role within the achievement of Etisalat’s success as a business. Every now and then business owners such as Etisalat will regularly find the accessible training is too ambiguous and not apposite to the individual requirements of the business. The preeminent return on Etisalat’s training venture will be accomplished by identifying the company’s training requirements, taking a methodical approach to finding the source of appropriate training, and enrolling its workers on the correct courses for skills needed for the job. Once Etisalat will have identified its employee skills or even knowledge gaps, the subsequent thing is to get the best training form to accomplish the results the company will want. Etisalat will try to steer clear of finding training primarily, and afterward fitting this to Etisalat workers. For best possible results, Etisalat will try to go with its preferred training alternative with the requirements of the business, along with the way its staff will learn best. Etisalat will utilize a number of training concurrently namely ‘off-the-shelf’ training courses, in-house training, job shadowing, mentoring, conferences, seminars, workshops, and

Benefits and Disadvantages of Fast Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benefits and Disadvantages of Fast Food - Essay Example Further, fast food is beneficial in terms of bridging the gap created by a constantly changing food culture. In the world today, busy schedules for people have contributed to the issue of food being of less importance in individual’s daily interactions. The fast foods bridge the gap by enabling interactions while eating at the fast food joints (Ellen and Spur 2004, p.65). More companies are shifting into the business of fast food products because of the convenience and the ever increasing number of working class population with limited time to prepare homemade food. In addition, according to BIS Shrapnel(2003) more companies have increased their advertisements related to offering customers with more convenient and quicker way of eating without consuming time and money as highlighted in figure 1(appendix). Conversely, fast food contributes to a number of health problems or conditions that include heart disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. This type of food is unhealthy as a re sult of containing high cholesterol, fats and calories which, has been identified as the main risk factor contributing to obesity. In a country such as Korea for example, the high prevalence rate for obesity is as a result of consuming fast foods (Bryant and Dundes, 2008, p.328). On the other hand, in a country like Australia, more individuals are critical on the idea of consuming fast-food as evident from the public outburst in regard to the cricket team being sponsored by a fast-food company (Bellisle et al 2004, p.178). The negative of fast effects related to fast food and health, has led to a number of research on health conditions like obesity and consuming fast foods. According to Bellisle et al. (2004, p.180), the increased number of fast food locations and in... This paper approves that , fast food is beneficial in terms of bridging the gap created by a constantly changing food culture. In the world today, busy schedules for people have contributed to the issue of food being of less importance in individual’s daily interactions. The fast foods bridge the gap by enabling interactions while eating at the fast food joints. More companies are shifting into the business of fast food products because of the convenience and the ever increasing number of working class population with limited time to prepare homemade food. Conversely, fast food contributes to a number of health problems or conditions that include heart disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. This type of food is unhealthy as a result of containing high cholesterol, fats and calories which, has been identified as the main risk factor contributing to obesity. This essay makes a conclusion that eating patterns across the world continues to change with more people being attracted to fast food because of its convenience. However, individuals while consuming fast food needs to consider serious health issues related to the consumption of fast food currently identified as a major contributor to obesity. On the other hand, fast food companies need to provide their customers with healthier options or choices for fast food products. While fast food is beneficial to customers in terms of providing a quicker means of eating, consumers need to adopt a moderate habit in terms of consuming fast foods.

A Friend in Need Is Friend Indeed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Friend in Need Is Friend Indeed - Essay Example Broken houses and schools, gaping cracks in the land, blocked tracks with land slide and the stench of human flesh when you pass through an area, where there "used to be" a settlement, were the sights which had for the time being overpowered the beauty of the Nature. During John's initial deployment, while driving through the area seeing dead bodies of men, women and children, half visible and half buried in the debris of the accommodation, which they once thought to protect them from the hazards of weather, were a common site. John could not realize the beauty of the area due to these gory sights for almost six months. Then he was provided with an assistant Akbar. He was a local lad. 30 years of age, 5 ft 7, thin built, fair complexion and a sea of wretchedness in his eyes. Eyes do really say a lot. It was as if there had also been an earth quake in the eyes of Akbar which demolished all the foundations on which the palace of hope of better life is built. John noticed that his eyes only sparkle when they suddenly starts getting wet, sometimes talking with him and at times just sitting beside him looking around when they were driving through the area. John was sure that Akbar was the one whose life had been permanently and irreversibly shaken by the earth quake almost a year back. John was not sure how many times he wanted to ask about the back ground of Akbar. There were many questions keep coming to his mind. Did Akbar lose his loved ones in the earthquake How he thinks about the life now How he is managing his shock Does he require help Was there any way John can help him Was there any way he can bring back the sparkle in his eyes which was a common thing in any one's eyes who longs for life There seem to be thousands of more questions coming in the mind of John. All these questions keep on resonating in his mind, urging him to inquire, pressing him, teasing him and always making him feel as if his mind is occupied. Initially they come one by one, one questi on leading to another then another then another but soon their speed increase and they follow with such speed that John loose their comprehension and then they all merge into one big question "Should John ask Akbar about his past" Always there used to be two answers, one part of John saying "Yes" because Akbar was his partner and knowing his past was his moral obligation. The other part saying "No" as it will remind Akbar about his grief, increasing the dampness and quietness in his eyes and character. Which part to hear And which part was right Was not yet decided by John. On 20 April 2007, John along with Akbar was moving in the area on a jeep. It had just stopped raining. Both were sitting quietly. John was driving and enjoying the local beauty, it seemed that entire area had taken a bath and was looking fresh and pompous. While moving on the track, on one side were the mountain and the other 20 feet down below a stream flowing. The noise of stream could be heard as soon as the rain stopped as if it was requesting the clouds to give more of its basic ingredient. Every now and then the rain starts pouring down heavily (as if fulfilling the request of stream) and making sound on the roof of the jeep to an extent that John and Akbar could not talk, if at all they tried. But Akbar was not at all interested in talking as always. Giving short and crisp answers to any inquiry made by John. As they

Breastfeeding is better for your baby Essay Example for Free

Breastfeeding is better for your baby Essay Among the many decision a woman faces when she is pregnant, is whether or not she will breastfeed her child. In our society and in this day and age, this has become a matter of choice as opposed to long ago where formula was nonexistent and the only means of nurturing your baby was to breastfeed. Many women are oblivious to the health risks their baby may endure having not being breastfed. Research and studies show that babies who are breastfed have better health among other things if they are breastfed. To add to that, formula companies tend to obscure the truth and bribe the doctors in to promoting their product. This essay aims to investigate these issues and address the matter at hand by stating why it is a much better choice to breastfeed a baby. As I mentioned above, whether or not a women wants to breastfeed or formula feed is now a matter of choice. Before I move forward, I want to explain about the history of breastfeeding and formula feeding. Before the modern era, breasfeeding was usually the normal procedure for feeding an infant. If a woman had problems breastfeeding her baby, the family would usually hire a wet nurse to nurture the baby in place of the mother. This was considered very normal. As a matter of fact, wet nurses were chosen with the utmost care, because it was vital and essential for a baby to receive the right amount of nutrients. Another alternative to wet nurses was cow’s milk, or in correct terms the process of â€Å"dry nursing† was established. Wet nursing and dry nursing were the common alternatives to breastfeeding during the early 19th century. However, in the turn of events another breast milk substitute had evolved. Formula had been created and was in lieu of breastfeeding. One of the biggest known named companies of today, Nestle was a big contributor to the establishment and creation of formula. Add another century, and formula feeding is not considered the norm in many societies. Because formula is widely accepted as a means of nurturing a baby, production of formula has boomed and many formula manufacturers thrust to advertize their product. Because of this, many doctors have received a cut for promoting formula from these major manufacturers. While the new mother who has just given birth to her baby feels that formula feeding is better since the doctor recommended it, little does she know that the doctor is doing what he was endorsed to do. Could this mean that many doctors are withholding the truth for money? It may very well be and I will further discuss this issue. According to studies done in the US, fewer than half of the babies are exclusively breastfed during their first two days in the hospital. By the time they are six months old, only 19 percent of US babies receive any breast milk† (Coburn, 2000, 1). This is in large part due to the doctor’s orders. Little do these mothers know that the doctors are pushing formula products on these new mothers because they are obliged to do so under a contract. Coburn also states â€Å"To promote artificial feeding, formula manufacturers spend millions of dollars securing exclusive distribution deals for formula samples, at a yearly average of $6,000 to $8,000 per doctor† (p. 2). Many formula companies distribute their products to hospitals to advertize their formula. It is a form of bribery, because if you give the doctors and physicians money they will without a doubt encourage the recommendation of that particular product. Or in some instances, mothers are given a gift basket upon delivery of their new baby. This gift basket has formula in it. In doing this â€Å"research shows this tacit endorsement of the hospitals part is so effective in establishing brand loyalty that 93 percent of mothers who artificially feed continue to use the brand of formula given to them by the hospital† (Coburn, 2000, p. ). There is a lot of brainwashing going on just for a buck. Since these mothers are now formula feeding instead of breastfeeding they begin to see the effect on their income. It is much more costly than breastfeeding. Some mothers even dilute their formula to make it last a little longer before going out and buying some more. This in turn is very nutrition-depleting. I will elaborate further on nutrition, but in the end these formula manufacturers are competing not with their rival companies, but with breastfeeding itself. And because of this, many mothers are caught in the middle of this war not aware that breastfeeding is the best means to nurture her baby. As mentioned above, breastfeeding is the natural way to nurture a baby. It is also better for the baby and there are many studies to prove this. Breastfeeding does help prevent a number of sicknesses a baby may endure. As mentioned by Laura Sterling a pediatrician â€Å"I discuss the impact of breastfeeding on incidence of otisis, media, asthma, obesity and all-cause diarrhea. I also counsel that breast milk may decrease severity of diarrhea because it is much easier on the digestive system than formula† (Sterling, 2003, p. 3). Obesity as Sterling mentions has also been decreased when a child is breastfed rather than formula fed. If a baby is breastfed for at least 3-5 months, obesity in the US will reduce 35 %. Carol Campbell states â€Å"infants who were fed breast milk more than infant formula milk, or who were breast fed for longer periods, had a low risk of being overweight during older childhood and adolescence† (2000, p. 102). If we look at breastfeeding on a global perspective, around the world breastfeeding is encouraged as well. In Bangladesh for example, infant mortality rates are severely high. Penny Van Esterick states that any decrease in breastfeeding would definitely increase infant mortality (2003, p. 57). Also, many countries around the world that use water to create the formula aren’t aware of the toxins the water may contain, thus making the baby very sick. A mother passes on various nutrients to her child when she breastfeeds, something that artificial milk does not do. A random study also concluded that when babies’ breastfeed they are more likely not to experience pain while undergoing minor procedures. We can also look at breastfeeding from an anthropological standpoint. Anthropologist Shannen L. Robson stated â€Å"For most pormate species the period of accelerated growth ends shortly after birth, but for humans it continues for a year postnatally, when infants are nutritionally dependant on breast milk. A pattern of early postnatal brain growth that is unique among mammals must require a unique milk to supply the needs of the developing human infant (2004, p. 19). So as we may see, there are many benefits, an infinite amount of studies concluding that breastfeeding is much better for a baby as opposed to formula feeding. Concluding my essay it is evident I am pro breastfeeding. It is much healthier for your baby as studies are there to prove this. Not only that, it is eye-opening to know that doctors withhold telling their expecting mother patients that breastfeeding is the better choice all for the means of gaining more money. It is also interesting to note, that women who breastfeed are more likely to lose more weight effectively than their formula feeding counterparts. Who doesn’t want to lose weight after giving birth? It is much more advantageous to breastfeed, especially when it is 2 in the morning and your newborn is crying their lungs out because they want to be fed. I think getting up picking up your newborn and breastfeeding them is much better than having to warm and prepare the formula in a zombielike state.

Models of Policing

Models of Policing The first police force was created in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel; he created 17 metropolitan police divisions in London. By 1856 the rest of the country was required to establish a police force. Since then, many different models of policing have been developed and experimented with, developments in policing and crime control were fairly rapid during the 1990s, this is due to many reasons such as; changing patterns of crime, changing demands on the police, and changing expectations of the police and their role in communities. The two models of policing that will be outlined and discussed in this essay are the Problem-Oriented policing model and the Intelligence-Led policing model. They each differ from one another substantially and across a range of dimensions, they differ in means and ends, methods and priorities, techniques and successes. However, they do also share some common features in their methods despite differing in the reasons for doing so. The Intelligence-Led policing model is home grown from the United Kingdom, it draws upon the notion that the police can and do know a great deal about offending patterns. It addresses the supposed failure of the police to address the systemic sources of crime and patterns within crime. The main thought is that the police and should actively pursue information about criminals and their organisation (Tilley 2003). The Audit Commission (1993) prescribed a proactive approach, targeting the criminal not the crime and making more use of intelligence. Carrying out this proactive approach involves effectively sourcing, assembling and analysing intelligence about criminals and their activities to disrupt their offending. Done so by targeting enforcement and patrol where the activity is the most common (Tilley 2003). The core emphases of the Intelligence-Led policing model are; the focus on crime alone, the means used are enforcement and the disruption of criminal groups; these measures are ai med at reducing the problem by undermining the ability of criminals to do their business. These activities are informed by the intelligence gained from the analysts about understanding the business of the criminals; all organisations involved are enforcement agencies in order to successfully aid the focus of this method. It is enforcing the practical business of policing more smartly, using information technology and modern methods (Tilley 2003). The Problem-Oriented policing model however, is more of a global movement with American origins. It embraces an analytic approach which takes community concerns seriously whilst developing strategic responses that aim to deal effectively with issues underlying police-relevant community problems, the origins of this method lie within the work of Goldstein (1979). It incorporates an explicit conception of the nature and role of modern policing, with officer imagination, local discretion and community resources being used where it is relevant to do so (Tilley 2003). The Problem-Oriented policing model also stresses substance and effectiveness over process and style, it is pre-dominantly evidence based. Goldstein outlines several purposes of this method of policing, they are; to prevent and control conduct which threatens life and property, to aid victims and protect those in danger of physical harm, to protect constitutional guarantees, to facilitate the movement of people and vehicles, to assist those who cannot care for themselves, to resolve conflict between individuals, groups or citizens and their government, to identify problems which may escalate for individuals, the police or even the government and to create and maintain a feeling of security in the community (Goldstein 1977, described in Scott 2000). The aim is to achieve these said purposes by systematically addressing relevant problems in the community; the identified problems should then be thoroughly researched and understood. Relevant responses should be identified and targeted on the basis of this analysis (Tilley 2003). Already it is clear that there are differences in the focus points of both models; however a common factor between these models is the use of analysis, intelligence and computers. Both the Intelligence-Led policing model and the Problem-Oriented policing model use these new methods due to the issue that criminality is becoming more sophisticated and mobile, the identification of patterns is beyond the capability of localised, informal methods of identification (NCIS 2000). Therefore, up to date intelligence allows for speedy well targeted interventions in an ever-changing society of criminals and varying criminal organisation (Tilley 2003). Computers are used as they enable better management of the flow of information that the police receive about criminals, their behaviour and organisation (Tilley 2003). Through this, smarter action can be taken to control them through deterrence, disruption, arrest or incarceration, as the information is organised and easy to access; it is easier a nd quicker to create an operation to take down criminals. The improved quality of the analysis is due to the improved quality of the intelligence systems. Both of the models of policing heavily rely on analysing data. Analysis converts raw information into actionable intelligence by seeking patterns in crime data, seeing the similarities in criminal events and constructing profiles (Cope 2004). It offers a synthesis of data about crime that is developed out of context (Peterson 1990) and also provides the opportunity to rationalise policing (Manning 2001). The two models of policing require specialist analysts, these analysts make much more systematic use of information and often call for information collection as well as use of information already at hand (Tilley 2003). Although both policing methods use analysis, the information which they seek is different. The analysis method has sound foundations within the principles of Problem-Oriented policing (Goldstein 1979). The focus on information collection is on problematic patterns of behaviour that produce police-relevant problems for the community and on plausible points of intervention to reduce them, remove them or prevent the harm cause by them (Clarke and Eck 2003). The analysis tends to focus on enduring problems that are not responsive to standard forms of policing, therefore its focus spans relatively long periods and relatively wide spaces so that there is much more data readily available from records (Tilley 2003). It calls for the close specification of problems and the problem along with its analysis comes first. Analysis is also integral to the theory of the Intelligence-Led policing model. It is on a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"need to knowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ security principle (NCIS 2000). The process of this model exemplifies concerns with identifying, prioritizing and intervening to minimise risk. Intelligence can be understood as information developed to direct police action (Cope 2004). The Intelligence-Led policing model is fed by intelligence products, of which there are four types; firstly strategic assessments, these provide a longer term picture of trends possibly with forecasts for the future, secondly tactical assessments, these are short term and are aligned to the tactical menu, thirdly target profiles, these profiles describe the offenders and their associates to inform operations against them and lastly problem profiles, these profiles identify emerging series of offenders or hotspots for crime (Cope 2004) all the information which is put forward in these products is actively sought. The focus of information collection and analysis in the Intelligence-Led policing model is on offenders and their networking patterns, and to inform smart enforcement focused on serious and prolific offending patterns. It tends to naturally focus on current or very recent offending patterns. The intelligence used is often gained from informants and is done so covertly, whereas the Problem-Oriented policing model rarely needs or uses covertly collected information and information from informants. The Intelligence-Led policing model leaves little if any space for analysis of none-crime problems, the major information task is thus finding and drawing together ways of tracking offender and offending patterns as they emerge, and disrupting them through targeted enforcement (Tilley 2003). Crime analysis is crucial for this method of policing to work effectively because it endeavours to deliver the right information to the right people at the right time (Fletcher 2000). The Intelligence-Led policing model and the Problem-Oriented policing model both note the association between repeat victimisation and prolific offending. For the Problem-Oriented policing model repeat victimisation comprises a major pattern of problem events requiring systematic attention (Pease 1998). Repeat offenders appear to be largely responsible for repeat offences (Everson and Pease 2001). Therefore focusing proactive enforcement efforts on those already victimised is an efficient way of targeting prolific offenders. This falls in line with the Intelligence-Led policing model which steers attention towards this. However, the Problem-Oriented policing model is also concerned with non-enforcement methods of reducing the vulnerability of those already victimised (Tilley 2003). The way in which the models of policing are enforced differs on a much larger scale. The Problem-Oriented policing model is carried out by crime prevention officers and crime pattern analysts. It implies attention to problems exploiting available pinch-points in the conditions generating problems (Tilley 2002). This may include targeting prolific offenders, criminal organisations, those recruiting new criminals or stolen goods markets, any or all of which are likely to be focused on in the Intelligence-Led policing model. However, the major difference is that the Problem-Oriented policing model is also interested in finding pinch-points that do require enforcement. These will often include reductions in opportunity of the sort stressed in situational crime prevention (Braga 2002). Situational crime prevention reduces the criminals opportunities to commit crime for example making changes in the environment to make the criminal believe that the crime is not worth committing as it is to o risky, this is something which the Problem-Oriented policing model endorses in its methods of policing via the problem analysis triangle, this consists of; the offender or source of complaint, a victim or victims and a location or characteristics of locations (Cohen and Felson 1979). Problems can be removed or ameliorated by altering one or more of the three problem features with the aid of situational crime prevention. Crackdown and consolidation strategies are plausible candidates for many problems addressed in the Problem-Oriented Policing model (Wright 1994). The crackdown side agrees with the Intelligence-Led policing model, for both it involves efforts to target intensive, well publicised enforcement to incapacitate and/or deter offenders creating problems, this can also have beneficial side-effect beyond the operation of the crackdown (Sherman 1990). The Problem-Oriented policing model however will be equally concerned with consolidation, the introduction of measures to produce sustained falls in crime during the lull created by the crackdown (Tilley 2003). In addition to this, the Problem-Oriented policing model embraces concerns that extend beyond law enforcement. It is relevant to all police-relevant problems. Smart enforcement is needed for some but not all issues that are addressed by the police, for example a child going missing from home is more of a problem for policing but not smart enforcement. Various long-term crime problems are more open to non-enforcement preventive interventions than they are smart enforcement. Few enduring crime or non-crime problems are effectively dealt with by enforcement alone (Tilley 2003). This leads to the Problem-Oriented policing model to be seen as more community friendly as it does not ignore their needs; it focuses on all problems in society. On the other hand, the Intelligence-Led policing model is carried out mainly by intelligence officers and Criminal Investigation Departments (CID). It is the outcome of a desire to professionalise the intelligence discipline within the law enforcement (NCIS 2000). Enforcement can be made smarter by assiduously assembling analysing and acting upon information relating to the activities and organisation of major offenders (Tilley 2003). The Intelligence-Led policing model works at three interconnecting levels; level one covers local issues and volume crime, level two covers cross border issues, where crime issues cross jurisdictional borders and where intelligence needs to be shared, and level three covers serious and organised crime operating on a national or international scale (Tilley 2003). Although it does not cover issues which do not require smart enforcement like the Problem-Oriented policing model does, it covers issues which spread overseas and could be considered a more prof essional business type method of policing. Within the Intelligence-Led policing model there is a tasking and co-ordination group which is central to this method. The group has meetings which set the agenda for intelligence gathering, receiving intelligence, making tactical assessments, allocating law enforcement effort and reviewing said efforts, all of which are crucial elements of this model of policing. The meetings are made up of four main elements; the first being targeting offenders, the second is the management of hotspots, the third is the investigation of offences and the fourth is the application of preventative measures such as CCTV (NCIS 2000). The fourth element to this sits well with Problem-Oriented policing as it is essentially a form of situational crime prevention, something which the Problem-Oriented policing model embraces in its method of policing. It is easy to see that the Intelligence-Led policing model is concerned with traditional police priorities; the detection of crime and the apprehension of serious and prolific offenders (Tilley 2003). Crime is deemed better controllable by better targeting of offenders; therefore the public is better served. The assumption stands that law enforcement is the key function of the police; it shapes what they are concerned with and what they can do. The two models being discussed both have considerable success in society, however what each model considers to be success proves the real focus point that the model entails. For the Problem-Oriented policing model, success is achieved with the successful amelioration, removal or management of specific police related community problems. For the Intelligence-Led policing model success comes with good arrests and good sentences, the conviction of major, prolific offenders and their severe punishment keeping them away from those they would otherwise have the opportunity to harm (Tilley 2003). Although the Intelligence-Led policing model comes to play better with traditional grass roots police officers than the other models, it provides no space for the wider conception of police problems and responsibilities which the Problem-Oriented policing model takes on board such as community issues. The Problem-Oriented policing model provides essential space for community models of policing and Intelligent-Led enforcement, which makes it crucially adaptable to changing conditions in society (Tilley 2003).